Subak

Subak is a traditional and ancient irrigation system that has been used in Bali, Indonesia for centuries. It is a democratic and sustainable system that has been recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Cultural Landscape.

History

The Subak system is believed to have been developed in the 9th century during the Majapahit Empire. It was a response to the challenges of water management in the volcanic and mountainous landscape of Bali. The system has been passed down through generations and is still in use today.

Structure and Function

The Subak system is a complex network of canals, tunnels, and weirs that distribute water from rivers and lakes to rice fields. It is managed by a group of farmers who elect a leader, known as the Klian Subak. The Klian Subak is responsible for the distribution of water and the maintenance of the system.

The Subak system is based on the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana, which emphasizes the balance between humans, nature, and the spiritual world. This philosophy is reflected in the design of the system, which integrates religious rituals, community cooperation, and traditional knowledge.

Cultural Significance

The Subak system is not just a method of irrigation, but also a way of life. It is deeply intertwined with the Balinese culture and religion. The system is often associated with the Balinese temples, where water is considered a sacred element.

The Subak system has also influenced the landscape of Bali, creating a unique and beautiful scenery of terraced rice fields. This landscape is a symbol of the Balinese cultural identity and is a major attraction for tourists.

Recognition

In 2012, the Subak system was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a Cultural Landscape. This recognition highlights the importance of the system as a model of sustainable agriculture and community-based resource management.

Challenges

Despite its recognition, the Subak system is facing several challenges. These include the increasing pressure from tourism development, the changes in the agricultural sector, and the impacts of climate change. Efforts are being made to preserve and sustain the system for future generations.

See Also

• Agriculture in Indonesia
• Culture of Bali
• Water management