Subarachnoid hematoma

Subarachnoid Hematoma is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of blood within the subarachnoid space, the area between the brain and the arachnoid membrane, one of the three meninges that cover the brain. This condition is often caused by trauma, aneurysm, or arteriovenous malformation (AVM).

Causes

The most common cause of a subarachnoid hematoma is trauma, such as a head injury. Other causes can include aneurysms, particularly cerebral aneurysms, and arteriovenous malformations. Less commonly, subarachnoid hematomas can be caused by bleeding disorders or blood thinners.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hematoma can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include sudden, severe headache, often described as the "worst headache of my life", nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, seizure, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, a subarachnoid hematoma can lead to coma or death.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a subarachnoid hematoma typically involves a CT scan of the head to visualize the brain and the surrounding structures. If a CT scan is not conclusive, a lumbar puncture may be performed to detect blood in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Treatment

Treatment of a subarachnoid hematoma depends on the cause and severity of the condition. In cases of trauma, immediate medical attention is required to prevent further bleeding and reduce pressure on the brain. This may involve surgery to remove the hematoma and repair any damaged blood vessels. If an aneurysm is the cause, treatment may involve endovascular coiling or clipping to prevent rupture. Medications may also be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications such as vasospasm.

Prognosis

The prognosis for a subarachnoid hematoma depends on a variety of factors, including the cause, location, and size of the hematoma, the patient's age and overall health, and the speed and effectiveness of treatment. With prompt and appropriate treatment, some patients can recover fully, while others may experience long-term neurological deficits.