Sulfolobales

[[File:{{{image}}}|250px|alt=|]] Authority:{{{subdivision_ranks}}}:

Sulfolobales
Kingdom:
Phylum:	Crenarchaeota
Class:	Thermoprotei
Order:	Sulfolobales
Family:	'

Sulfolobales is an order of the Crenarchaeota, a major division of the domain Archaea. Members of this order are known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments, particularly in hot, acidic conditions such as those found in geothermal areas. This order includes several genera, with Sulfolobus being the most well-studied.

Characteristics

Sulfolobales are thermoacidophiles, meaning they can survive and grow in both high temperature and low pH environments. They are typically found in hot springs and volcanic areas where temperatures can exceed 80°C and pH levels can be as low as 2. These archaea are aerobic and chemolithoautotrophic, obtaining energy by oxidizing sulfur or metal sulfides.

Morphology

Members of the Sulfolobales are generally spherical or lobed in shape, with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 2 micrometers. They possess a unique cell membrane structure that is adapted to withstand extreme conditions, including a lipid monolayer that provides stability at high temperatures.

Metabolism

Sulfolobales are capable of oxidizing sulfur compounds, which is a key aspect of their metabolism. They can oxidize sulfur to sulfuric acid, contributing to the acidic environment in which they thrive. Some species can also oxidize iron, and they play a role in the biogeochemical cycling of these elements.

Ecological Role

Sulfolobales play a significant role in the ecology of geothermal environments. By oxidizing sulfur and iron, they contribute to the nutrient cycles and influence the chemical composition of their habitats. Their ability to thrive in extreme conditions makes them of interest for studies on the limits of life and potential applications in biotechnology.

Genomics

The genomes of several Sulfolobales species have been sequenced, providing insights into their metabolic pathways and adaptations to extreme environments. These studies have revealed genes involved in DNA repair, protein folding, and other processes that are crucial for survival at high temperatures and low pH.

Applications

Due to their stability and unique metabolic capabilities, Sulfolobales have potential applications in industrial processes such as bioleaching, where they can be used to extract metals from ores. Their enzymes, which are stable at high temperatures, are also of interest for various biotechnological applications.

Also see

• Archaea
• Crenarchaeota
• Thermoacidophile
• Sulfolobus
• Extremophile