Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) is a primitive reflex found in newborns that plays a crucial role in the development of motor skills, postural control, and eye-hand coordination. This reflex is one of several neonatal reflexes that are present at birth and typically integrate into the child's behavior within the first year of life. Understanding the STNR is important for professionals in pediatrics, neurology, and occupational therapy, as it can impact a child's development and learning abilities.

Overview

The Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex is elicited when the head of an infant is moved or tilted forward or backward, causing a corresponding movement in the arms and legs. When the head bends forward, the arms flex and the legs extend; conversely, when the head is tilted back, the arms extend and the legs flex. This reflex helps in the development of crawling, which is a significant milestone in a child's motor development. The presence of STNR beyond the typical age of integration, usually around 6 to 9 months, may indicate developmental delays or neurological problems.

Function

The primary function of the STNR is to facilitate the transition from lying to crawling. This reflex is also thought to contribute to the separation of upper and lower body movements, which is essential for many motor skills, including walking and running. Additionally, the STNR plays a role in developing bilateral coordination, allowing for the coordination of both sides of the body, and is crucial for tasks such as writing and using utensils.

Integration and Persistence

The integration of the STNR is a critical step in the neurological development of a child. If the reflex persists beyond the typical age range, it may interfere with the child's ability to perform tasks that require fine motor skills, balance, and coordination. Persistent STNR can lead to challenges in academic settings, particularly in activities that involve sitting still, focusing on tasks, and hand-eye coordination, such as writing and reading.

Children with a retained STNR may exhibit symptoms such as poor posture, difficulty with bilateral coordination tasks, and challenges in learning to swim or ride a bicycle. In some cases, a retained STNR is associated with developmental disorders, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Dyslexia.

Assessment and Intervention

Early identification and intervention are key to addressing a retained STNR. Healthcare professionals, including pediatricians, occupational therapists, and physical therapists, can assess the presence of the reflex through specific observational tests. Intervention strategies may include exercises and activities designed to promote the integration of the reflex, such as crawling exercises, swimming, and activities that encourage cross-body coordination.

Conclusion

The Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex is a fundamental aspect of early neurological development, influencing a child's ability to perform basic motor skills and tasks requiring coordination and balance. Understanding the role and integration of the STNR is essential for identifying potential developmental issues and implementing early intervention strategies to support optimal development and learning outcomes.