Tardive dyskinesia
Tardive Dyskinesia[edit | edit source]
Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive body movements. These movements can include grimacing, tongue movements, lip smacking, and rapid eye blinking. The condition is often associated with long-term use of antipsychotic medications, particularly the older, first-generation antipsychotics.
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Tardive dyskinesia is believed to result from the long-term blockade of dopamine receptors in the brain. Antipsychotic medications, which are used to treat conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, often target dopamine receptors to reduce symptoms of psychosis. However, chronic use of these medications can lead to an imbalance in the dopaminergic system, resulting in the development of tardive dyskinesia.
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia can vary in severity and may include:
- Involuntary movements of the face, such as grimacing and lip smacking.
- Rapid eye blinking.
- Tongue movements, including protrusion and rolling.
- Involuntary movements of the limbs and trunk.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia is primarily clinical, based on the observation of characteristic involuntary movements. A thorough medical history and review of medication use are essential to differentiate tardive dyskinesia from other movement disorders.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment of tardive dyskinesia involves discontinuing or reducing the dose of the offending antipsychotic medication, if possible. Switching to a newer, atypical antipsychotic with a lower risk of causing tardive dyskinesia may also be beneficial. In some cases, medications such as tetrabenazine or valbenazine may be used to manage symptoms.
Prevention[edit | edit source]
Preventing tardive dyskinesia involves careful monitoring of patients on antipsychotic medications, using the lowest effective dose, and regularly assessing the need for continued treatment. Early detection of symptoms can help mitigate the progression of the disorder.
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