Thyronamine

Thyronamine refers to a group of hormones derived from thyroid hormones, which are produced by the thyroid gland. Unlike the more well-known thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), thyronamines do not contain iodine and have distinct physiological effects. The most studied thyronamine is 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), which has been found to have rapid, but short-lived, effects on the cardiovascular system, metabolic rate, and body temperature regulation.

Thyronamines act primarily through the G protein-coupled receptors, particularly through the TAAR1 (Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1), which is expressed in various tissues throughout the body including the brain, heart, and liver. Activation of TAAR1 by thyronamines can lead to a decrease in body temperature, reduced cardiac output, and a decrease in metabolic rate, which contrasts with the effects of traditional thyroid hormones that generally increase metabolic rate and body temperature.

The discovery of thyronamines and their unique effects has opened new avenues for research into metabolic disorders and provides a potential target for therapeutic interventions in conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. However, much of the research on thyronamines is still in the early stages, and their full physiological role and potential clinical applications remain to be fully elucidated.