Toxidrome
(Redirected from Toxidromes)
A toxidrome is a concept derived from a portmanteau of the terms toxic and syndrome, and it represents a group of clinical symptoms corresponding to a specific class of toxicants. The genesis of the term can be traced back to 1970 when it was coined by Mofenson and Greensher.
Symptoms | BP | HR | RR | Temp | Pupil size | Bowel sounds | Diaphoresis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
anticholinergic | ~ | up | ~ | up | up | down | down |
cholinergic | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | down | up | up |
hallucinogenic | up | up | up | ~ | up | up | ~ |
sympathomimetic | up | up | up | up | up | up | up |
sedative-hypnotic | down | down | down | down | ~ | down | down |
Origin and Definition[edit | edit source]
The term "toxidrome" is the marriage of "toxic" and "syndrome" and serves to denote specific clusters of symptoms related to particular toxic substances. Such symptoms often surface due to drug overdose but can occasionally be attributed to systemic infections. Accurate identification of a toxidrome is pivotal for diagnosing and addressing potentially fatal poisonings.
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
Toxidromes manifest differently depending on the particular toxic agent in play. Commonly observed symptoms across various toxidromes encompass:
- Dizziness
- Disorientation
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Oscillopsia
Classification of Toxidromes[edit | edit source]
Certain "classic" toxidromes have been identified, even though the combined ingestion of multiple drugs can modulate the manifestation of a toxidrome. Some of the classic examples are:
- Anticholinergic Toxidrome:
- Characteristics: Dry skin, dry mucous membranes, flushed complexion, fever, mydriasis (dilated pupils), tachycardia.
- Typical Agents: Atropine, scopolamine, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants.
- Cholinergic Toxidrome:
- Characteristics: Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, miosis (pinpoint pupils), bradycardia.
- Typical Agents: Organophosphate pesticides]], nerve agents.
- Opioid Toxidrome:
- Characteristics: Respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia, hypothermia.
- Typical Agents: Morphine, heroin, fentanyl.
- Sympathomimetic Toxidrome:
- Characteristics: Tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, hyperthermia, agitation.
- Typical Agents: Cocaine, methamphetamine, caffeine.
- Sedative-Hypnotic Toxidrome:
- Characteristics: Respiratory depression, hypothermia, slurred articulation, ataxia.
- Typical Agents: Alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates.
Management & Intervention[edit | edit source]
Rapid action is imperative once a toxidrome has been identified, especially in severe cases. Consulting with a poison control center or medical toxicologist can yield insights into specific antidotes or treatment methods. Immediate supportive care, emphasizing respiratory and hemodynamic stabilization, is of paramount importance.
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