Tympanic membrane retraction

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Tympanic membrane retraction
Synonyms	Retraction pocket
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Hearing loss, ear fullness, ear pain
Complications	Cholesteatoma, hearing loss, ear infection
Onset	Can occur at any age
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Eustachian tube dysfunction, negative middle ear pressure
Risks	Upper respiratory infection, allergies, sinusitis
Diagnosis	Otoscopy, tympanometry
Differential diagnosis	Otitis media, cholesteatoma
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Observation, tympanostomy tube, surgery
Medication	Nasal steroids, antihistamines
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Common in children
Deaths	N/A

The tympanic membrane retraction is a condition where the tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is pulled inward towards the middle ear. This condition can lead to various complications, including hearing loss and cholesteatoma formation.

Causes

Tympanic membrane retraction is primarily caused by Eustachian tube dysfunction. The Eustachian tube helps equalize pressure between the middle ear and the external environment. When it fails to function properly, negative pressure can build up in the middle ear, causing the tympanic membrane to retract. Other contributing factors may include:

• Chronic otitis media
• Allergies
• Upper respiratory infections
• Adenoid hypertrophy

Symptoms

Individuals with tympanic membrane retraction may experience:

• Hearing loss
• Ear fullness
• Tinnitus
• Occasional ear pain

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of tympanic membrane retraction is typically made through otoscopy, where a healthcare provider examines the ear with an otoscope. The retracted eardrum may appear concave and may have reduced mobility when tested with pneumatic otoscopy.

Treatment

Treatment options depend on the severity of the retraction and associated symptoms. They may include:

• Observation for mild cases
• Treating underlying causes such as allergies or infections
• Myringotomy with or without tube insertion to ventilate the middle ear
• Surgical intervention in severe cases to repair the eardrum or address any complications like cholesteatoma

Complications

If left untreated, tympanic membrane retraction can lead to:

• Cholesteatoma
• Permanent hearing loss
• Middle ear infections

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on maintaining good Eustachian tube function and include:

• Managing allergies
• Avoiding upper respiratory infections
• Regular monitoring in individuals with a history of ear problems

See also

• Eustachian tube dysfunction
• Otitis media
• Cholesteatoma

References

• Bluestone, C. D., & Klein, J. O. (2007). Otitis Media in Infants and Children. PMPH-USA.
• Schilder, A. G., et al. (2016). "Eustachian tube dysfunction: consensus statement on definition, types, clinical presentation and diagnosis." Clinical Otolaryngology.