Type II hypersensitivity

Type II hypersensitivity
Synonyms	Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, Goodpasture syndrome, Graves' disease
Complications	Tissue damage, organ failure
Onset	Variable, depending on the specific condition
Duration	Chronic or acute, depending on the specific condition
Types	N/A
Causes	Autoimmune reaction, blood transfusion reactions, drug-induced reactions
Risks	Genetic predisposition, previous exposure to antigens
Diagnosis	Coombs test, immunofluorescence
Differential diagnosis	Type I hypersensitivity, Type III hypersensitivity, Type IV hypersensitivity
Prevention	Avoidance of known triggers, careful blood matching
Treatment	Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, plasmapheresis
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depending on the specific condition and treatment
Frequency	Rare, varies with specific conditions
Deaths	N/A

Type II hypersensitivity is a type of immune response in which the body's immune system causes damage to its own cells. It is one of the four types of hypersensitivity reactions, and is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity.

Mechanism

Type II hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies produced by the immune system bind to antigens on the body's own cells, marking them for destruction. This can result in conditions such as autoimmune diseases, in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. The antibodies involved in type II hypersensitivity are usually of the IgG and IgM classes. They bind to antigens on the surface of cells, leading to one of three harmful effects:

1. Opsonization and phagocytosis of cells
2. Inflammation
3. Cell dysfunction

Diseases associated with Type II hypersensitivity

Several diseases and conditions are associated with type II hypersensitivity, including:

1. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
2. Goodpasture syndrome
3. Pemphigus vulgaris
4. Rheumatic fever
5. Graves' disease
6. Myasthenia gravis

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of type II hypersensitivity involves identifying the presence of antibodies against the body's own cells. This can be done through various laboratory tests, such as Direct Coombs test and Indirect Coombs test.

Treatment

Treatment for type II hypersensitivity involves managing the underlying condition causing the reaction. This can involve immunosuppressive drugs, plasmapheresis, or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

See also

• Type I hypersensitivity
• Type III hypersensitivity
• Type IV hypersensitivity
• Autoimmune disease
• Immunology