VVER

Type of nuclear reactor

VVER

Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant, Russia

Schematic of a VVER-1000 reactor

Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant, Slovakia

Stereometric view of a VVER-1000

Treatment of interior part of reactor frame

Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant, Finland

Control room of Unit 5 at Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant, Bulgaria

The VVER is a series of pressurized water reactors (PWR) developed in the Soviet Union. These reactors are used for generating electricity and are characterized by their use of light water as both a neutron moderator and a coolant.

Design and Features

VVER reactors are known for their robust design and safety features. The design includes a pressurized water reactor system with a reactor pressure vessel that houses the nuclear fuel and control rods. The VVER design is distinct from Western PWRs due to its horizontal steam generators and hexagonal fuel assemblies.

The VVER-1000 model, for example, has a thermal output of 3000 MW and an electrical output of approximately 1000 MW. The reactor core is designed to be compact, with a high power density, and is surrounded by a thick biological shield to protect against radiation.

Variants

There are several variants of the VVER, including the VVER-440, VVER-1000, and the more recent VVER-1200. Each variant has been developed to improve efficiency, safety, and output.

VVER-440

The VVER-440 was one of the first models developed and is still in operation in several countries. It has a lower power output compared to later models but is valued for its reliability.

VVER-1000

The VVER-1000 is a more advanced model with a higher power output and improved safety features. It is widely used in countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and China.

VVER-1200

The VVER-1200 is the latest generation, featuring enhanced safety systems, increased efficiency, and a longer operational lifespan. It incorporates passive safety features that allow the reactor to shut down safely without operator intervention in the event of an emergency.

Safety Features

VVER reactors are equipped with multiple safety systems, including emergency core cooling systems, containment structures, and redundant safety mechanisms. The design philosophy emphasizes redundancy and diversity to ensure safety under various operational conditions.

Global Deployment

VVER reactors are used in several countries, including Russia, Ukraine, Finland, Bulgaria, and China. They are a key component of the nuclear energy strategy in these countries, contributing significantly to their electricity generation.

Related Pages

• Pressurized water reactor
• Nuclear power plant
• Nuclear safety
• Nuclear power in Russia

References

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  Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant

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  VVER-1000 Reactor Scheme

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  Comparison of Reactor Cores

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  Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant

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  VVER-1000 Stereometric View

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  Treatment of Interior Part of Reactor Frame

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  Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant

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  Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant Control Room