Veillonella

A genus of anaerobic bacteria found in the human body

Veillonella is a genus of anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria that are part of the normal microbiota of the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina. These bacteria are known for their role in the fermentation of lactate to produce propionate and acetate, which are important for maintaining the balance of the microbiome.

Characteristics

Veillonella species are small, non-motile cocci that typically appear in pairs, short chains, or clusters. They are obligate anaerobes, meaning they thrive in environments devoid of oxygen. The cell wall structure of Veillonella is characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria, with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

Metabolism

Veillonella are known for their unique metabolic capabilities, particularly their ability to utilize lactate as a carbon source. They convert lactate into short-chain fatty acids such as propionate and acetate, which are absorbed by the host and can influence host metabolism and immune responses. This metabolic activity is significant in the context of the gut microbiome and oral health.

Clinical Significance

While Veillonella are generally considered commensal organisms, they can be opportunistic pathogens. In rare cases, they have been associated with infections such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia. Their presence in the oral cavity is linked to dental plaque formation and may contribute to periodontal disease.

Research and Applications

Recent studies have explored the role of Veillonella in athletic performance, as they may enhance endurance by converting lactate produced during exercise into propionate, which can be used as an energy source. Additionally, the modulation of Veillonella populations is being investigated as a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders.

Also see

• Microbiome
• Anaerobic bacteria
• Gram-negative bacteria
• Oral microbiology
• Gut flora