Verotoxin
Verotoxin, also known as Shiga-like toxin, is a potent cytotoxin produced by certain strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli), particularly the serotype O157:H7. This toxin is structurally and functionally similar to the Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae.
Structure[edit | edit source]
Verotoxin is an AB5 toxin, meaning it consists of one A subunit and five B subunits. The A subunit is responsible for the enzymatic activity of the toxin, while the B subunits bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, facilitating the entry of the A subunit into the cell.
Mechanism of Action[edit | edit source]
Verotoxin exerts its toxic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis within target cells. The B subunits bind to the glycolipid receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on the surface of endothelial cells, particularly those in the kidneys and intestines. Once internalized, the A subunit cleaves a specific adenine residue from the 28S rRNA of the 60S ribosomal subunit, halting protein synthesis and leading to cell death.
Clinical Significance[edit | edit source]
Verotoxin is a major virulence factor in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections, which can cause severe gastroenteritis, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure, and thrombocytopenia.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis of verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) infections involves detecting the presence of the toxin or the bacteria in stool samples. Techniques include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for toxin detection and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identifying toxin genes.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
There is no specific treatment for verotoxin-mediated diseases. Management is primarily supportive, focusing on maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance. Antibiotics are generally not recommended as they may increase toxin release.
Prevention[edit | edit source]
Preventive measures include proper food handling, cooking meat thoroughly, and avoiding unpasteurized dairy products. Public health measures aim to control outbreaks and educate the public on safe food practices.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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