Yellow jaundice

Yellow jaundice, commonly known as jaundice, is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (sclerae). This yellow discoloration is due to an increase in the levels of bilirubin, a yellow pigment that is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells. Jaundice is not a disease in itself but rather a symptom of various underlying conditions affecting the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts.

Causes

Jaundice can be caused by several factors, which are generally categorized into three main types: pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic jaundice.

• Pre-hepatic jaundice: This occurs when there is an excessive breakdown of red blood cells, leading to an increased production of bilirubin before it reaches the liver. Conditions such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia can lead to pre-hepatic jaundice.
• Hepatic jaundice: This type is due to problems directly within the liver that prevent it from properly metabolizing and excreting bilirubin. Diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and Gilbert's syndrome are common causes.
• Post-hepatic jaundice: Also known as obstructive jaundice, this occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts that prevents bilirubin from being excreted into the intestine. Gallstones and tumors are typical causes of post-hepatic jaundice.

Symptoms

Apart from the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes, jaundice may be accompanied by other symptoms, depending on the underlying cause. These can include:

• Fatigue
• Fever
• Pain in the abdomen
• Dark-colored urine
• Pale stools
• Itching

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of jaundice involves a detailed medical history and physical examination, followed by laboratory tests and imaging studies. Blood tests are used to measure levels of bilirubin, liver enzymes, and other substances. Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI can help identify blockages in the bile ducts or other structural abnormalities.

Treatment

Treatment for jaundice depends on the underlying cause. In cases of pre-hepatic jaundice, managing the condition causing the excessive breakdown of red blood cells is the focus. For hepatic jaundice, treatment may involve medication to treat liver disease or lifestyle changes to support liver health. In post-hepatic jaundice, surgery or other procedures may be necessary to remove the blockage in the bile ducts.

Prevention

Preventing jaundice involves managing risk factors for liver disease, such as avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and preventing hepatitis infection through vaccination and safe practices.