Zebu

Bos taurus indicus

GODL Rampurva bull in profile

Coin of Azes II LACMA M.84.110.8 (2 of 2)

Female zebu cattle

Zébus de Madagascar 02

Hariana 02

Zebu (Bos indicus), also known as indicine cattle or humped cattle, is a species of domestic cattle originating in South Asia. Zebu are characterized by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures and are used in the tropical regions throughout the world for milk, meat, and draft purposes.

Characteristics

Zebu cattle are easily recognized by their prominent hump on the shoulders, which is larger in males than in females. They have a large dewlap and their skin has a high melanin content, which provides protection against intense sunlight. These adaptations make them particularly well suited to hot climates. Zebu are also known for their resistance to diseases and parasites, compared to other domestic cattle breeds.

History

The domestication of zebu cattle is believed to have occurred in the regions of present-day Pakistan and India around 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. The ancient Indus Valley Civilization is known to have kept zebu cattle as part of their livestock. Over time, zebu cattle spread throughout South Asia and into Africa and other parts of the world through trade and migration.

Uses

Zebu cattle are versatile animals used for a variety of purposes. They are an important source of milk, which is richer in fat content compared to the milk from European cattle breeds. Zebu are also raised for their meat, although they are generally leaner with less marbling than meat from European breeds. In addition to food production, zebu cattle are commonly used as draft animals, particularly in rural areas of South Asia and Africa, where they are employed for plowing fields and transporting goods.

Breeds

There are numerous breeds of zebu cattle, each adapted to specific local conditions. Some of the well-known breeds include the Gir, Sahiwal, Brahman, and Indo-Brazilian. These breeds vary in size, color, and the shape of the hump and horns, reflecting the diversity within the species.

Conservation and Genetic Diversity

While many zebu breeds are widespread and not considered endangered, there are concerns about the loss of genetic diversity within the species. Efforts are being made to conserve rare breeds and to maintain the genetic diversity of zebu cattle, which is important for their adaptability to changing environmental conditions and diseases.

Cultural Significance

Zebu cattle hold significant cultural and religious importance in many parts of South Asia. They are often associated with religious ceremonies and festivals. In Hinduism, cows are revered as sacred animals, and this reverence extends to zebu cattle in regions where Hinduism is practiced.

Conclusion

Zebu cattle are an integral part of agriculture and culture in many parts of the world, especially in tropical regions. Their adaptability to hot climates, resistance to diseases, and versatility in use make them an invaluable resource for food, labor, and economic stability in many developing countries.