9-cis-retinoic acid

9-cis-Retinoic Acid is a biologically active compound in the retinoid family. It is an isomer of all-trans retinoic acid and plays a crucial role in cell differentiation and apoptosis.

Chemistry

9-cis-Retinoic acid is a molecular compound that belongs to the class of organic compounds known as retinoids. These are oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene. Its systematic name is (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid.

Biological Role

9-cis-Retinoic acid is a potent ligand for the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which forms heterodimers with other nuclear receptors, such as the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), the thyroid hormone receptor, and the vitamin D3 receptor. These complexes control gene expression and are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell differentiation, apoptosis, and homeostasis.

Medical Use

9-cis-Retinoic acid has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of cancer, dermatological diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and to induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines. However, its clinical use has been limited by its toxicity and the development of resistance.

Safety

Like other retinoids, 9-cis-retinoic acid can be teratogenic and should not be used during pregnancy. It can also cause skin irritation, dryness, and photosensitivity. Long-term use can lead to vitamin A toxicity, which can cause a range of symptoms from dry skin to liver damage.

See Also

• Retinoid
• Retinoic acid receptor
• Retinoid X receptor
• Vitamin A