Amphetamines

Amphetamines are a class of powerful CNS stimulants belonging to the category of indirect-acting sympathomimetic amines. These compounds are widely recognized for their therapeutic efficacy in treating conditions like attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, and narcolepsy. However, the potential for abuse is significant. Consequently, illicit forms of amphetamines rank among some of the most dangerous, yet commonly abused drugs globally.

Racemic amphetamine

Mechanism of Action

Amphetamines exert their effect primarily as potent stimulants of the CNS. They are understood to operate by triggering the release of norepinephrine at CNS nerve terminals, thereby enhancing neurotransmission.

Clinical Use

• Clinically, amphetamines have demonstrated utility in augmenting cognitive abilities.
• Elevating psychological functioning and bolstering performance in individuals diagnosed with attention deficit disorders.
• Intriguingly, in hyperactive children, amphetamines often induce a paradoxical calming response.
• Apart from its use in managing hyperactivity and attention deficit disorders, amphetamines serve as a therapeutic intervention for narcolepsy.
• Historically, they were also prescribed for obesity treatment.
• Multiple amphetamine formulations have secured approval for medical use in the United States.

Amphetamine pharmacokinetics

Dosage Forms

Amphetamine is dispensed in diverse oral forms, encompassing:

• Capsules
• Tablets
• Oral solutions
• Extended-release versions
• Long-acting versions

These formulations range in concentration from 2.5 mg to 54 mg. They are procurable as generics and under various brand names:

• Adderall: Combines dextroamphetamine and amphetamine
• Dexedrine: Constituted of dextroamphetamine
• Vyvanse: Features lisdexamfetamine
• Desoxyn: Comprises methamphetamine
• Benzedrine: Contains amphetamine

In addition to oral formulations, transdermal versions are accessible. In adult patients, the standard dose is typically:

• 10 mg, administered two or three times daily
• Average maintenance dosage ranges between 40 to 60 mg daily
• Pediatric dosages differ based on the specific formulation

Given its high potential for abuse, amphetamine has been classified as a Schedule II controlled substance.

Side Effects

Users of amphetamines might encounter a series of side effects. Commonly reported adverse reactions include:

• Headache
• Insomnia
• Irritability
• Elation
• Agitation
• Confusion
• Palpitations
• Tachycardia
• Nasal congestion
• Reduced appetite

Potential for Abuse

Given the potent stimulatory effects of amphetamines, there exists a substantial risk of misuse and dependency. Illicit forms, often consumed recreationally, can lead to severe health complications, including:

• Cardiovascular issues
• CNS overstimulation
• Fatal overdoses

See Also

• CNS
• ADD
• Narcolepsy
• Drug abuse