Brachycephaly

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Brachycephaly
Synonyms	Flat head syndrome
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Flattened back of the skull
Complications	Developmental delay, plagiocephaly
Onset	Infancy
Duration	Varies
Types	N/A
Causes	Premature closure of the coronal sutures, positional plagiocephaly
Risks	Premature birth, multiple births, torticollis
Diagnosis	Physical examination, imaging studies
Differential diagnosis	Plagiocephaly, craniosynostosis
Prevention	Repositioning therapy, tummy time
Treatment	Helmet therapy, physical therapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally good with treatment
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

File:PSM V52 D333 Brachycephalic and dolichocephalic types from the coast of zeeland.jpg

Diagram illustrating a brachycephalic skull compared to other skull shapes

Brachycephaly refers to the condition of having a short, broad head, characterized by a flattened posterior region. The term derives from the Greek words "brachys" meaning "short" and "kephale" meaning "head." Brachycephalic skull shape can be a natural anatomical variation but can also result from certain medical conditions or external pressures on the skull during developmental stages.

Characteristics

Brachycephaly is typically marked by:

• A shortened anteroposterior diameter of the skull.
• Increased width of the skull.
• Flattened occipital region (back of the head).

Causes and Types

Brachycephaly can manifest in various forms, often based on the root cause:

• Primary Brachycephaly: A congenital condition, often resulting from premature fusion of the coronal sutures, known as craniosynostosis.
• Positional or Deformational Brachycephaly: Occurs when an infant frequently rests on one part of the head, leading to a flat spot. It is usually temporary and can be rectified with changes in positioning.
• Brachycephaly in Pets: Some animal breeds, like the Pug or Persian cat, naturally have brachycephalic skulls. This trait can sometimes lead to health issues, such as breathing difficulties.

Treatment

Treatment approaches depend on the cause and severity of the condition:

• Positional Brachycephaly: Often managed by repositioning the infant, utilizing specialized pillows, and encouraging tummy time.
• Craniosynostosis: Requires surgical intervention to prevent complications and promote normal brain development.

Complications

In severe cases, if untreated, brachycephaly can lead to:

• Pressure on the brain.
• Facial deformities.
• Cognitive and developmental delays.

See Also

• Craniosynostosis
• Plagiocephaly
• Scaphocephaly
• Dolichocephaly

References

• Harris, J. & Stewart, R. (2014). Brachycephaly: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. Journal of Craniofacial Research.
• Thompson, M. (2017). Positional Skull Deformities in Infants. Pediatric Insights.

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