Brucella melitensis

Brucella melitensis

Brucella melitensis is a species of the Brucella genus of bacteria which is primarily responsible for the infectious disease brucellosis in sheep, goats, and humans. It is a small, non-motile, non-spore-forming, gram-negative coccobacilli. B. melitensis is considered the most virulent and invasive species of the Brucella genus, causing the most severe form of brucellosis, often referred to as Malta fever or Mediterranean fever.

Transmission

B. melitensis is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The primary route of transmission is through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, or through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products made from the milk of infected animals. Occupational exposure is a significant risk factor, with farmers, veterinarians, and slaughterhouse workers being particularly at risk.

Symptoms and Treatment

In humans, brucellosis caused by B. melitensis can range from mild to severe, presenting symptoms such as fever, sweats, malaise, anorexia, headache, and muscle pain. In more severe cases, it can affect the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, or cause chronic symptoms. The treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics over an extended period to prevent relapse.

Prevention

Preventive measures against B. melitensis include the vaccination of livestock, pasteurization of dairy products, and wearing protective clothing by individuals at risk of occupational exposure. Public health education on the risks associated with consuming unpasteurized dairy products is also crucial.

Epidemiology

B. melitensis is more prevalent in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of Latin America. Its distribution is closely related to the breeding of sheep and goats in these areas.

Genome

The genome of B. melitensis has been sequenced, revealing insights into its virulence, survival mechanisms, and potential targets for new treatments or vaccines. The genome consists of two circular chromosomes, which is characteristic of the Brucella species.

Research and Development

Research on B. melitensis focuses on understanding its pathogenicity, improving diagnostic methods, and developing effective vaccines for both animals and humans. The development of a human vaccine is particularly challenging due to the bacterium's ability to evade the immune system.