Carpals

Carpals are the eight small bones that make up the wrist that connects the hand to the forearm. The term "carpal" is derived from the Latin word "carpus" and the Greek word "karpos," which both mean "wrist." Together, these bones form the carpal tunnel, which houses and protects the median nerve and flexor tendons that bend the fingers and thumb.

Structure

The carpal bones are arranged in two rows of four bones each. The proximal row, which is the row closest to the forearm, consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform bones. The distal row, which is closer to the hand, consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones. Each bone is unique in shape and serves a specific function in the mobility and stability of the wrist.

Function

The primary function of the carpals is to facilitate effective movements of the wrist and hand, allowing for a wide range of motion. This includes flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the wrist, which are essential for various activities such as gripping, holding, and manipulating objects. The carpal bones also serve as a protective structure for the median nerve and flexor tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel.

Clinical Significance

1. 1. 1. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a common condition that occurs when the median nerve is compressed as it travels through the carpal tunnel. Symptoms include pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and arm. Treatment options range from wrist splinting and anti-inflammatory medications to surgical intervention in severe cases.

1. 1. 1. Fractures

Fractures of the carpal bones, particularly the scaphoid, are common injuries resulting from falls onto an outstretched hand. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as nonunion or avascular necrosis.

1. 1. 1. Arthritis

Arthritis of the wrist can affect the carpal bones, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common types that affect the wrist.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of carpal bone conditions typically involves a combination of physical examination, patient history, and imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans. Treatment varies depending on the condition and its severity but may include rest, immobilization, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

See Also

• Wrist Anatomy
• Hand Anatomy
• Orthopedic Surgery
• Physical Therapy