Chemical eye injury

Overview of chemical eye injuries

Overview

Chemical burn injury to the eye.

A chemical eye injury occurs when a chemical substance comes into contact with the eye, potentially causing damage to the cornea, conjunctiva, and other ocular structures. These injuries can result from exposure to acids, alkalis, or other chemical agents and can lead to varying degrees of vision impairment or blindness.

Causes

Chemical eye injuries are typically caused by accidental splashes of chemicals, improper handling of substances, or exposure to chemical vapors. Common sources include household cleaning agents, industrial chemicals, and laboratory reagents. Alkali burns, such as those from ammonia or sodium hydroxide, tend to penetrate ocular tissues more deeply than acid burns, making them particularly dangerous.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a chemical eye injury can vary depending on the type and concentration of the chemical involved. Common symptoms include:

• Severe pain and burning sensation
• Redness and irritation
• Tearing and inability to open the eye
• Blurred vision
• Swelling of the eyelids

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a chemical eye injury involves a thorough examination by an ophthalmologist. The assessment may include:

• Visual acuity test
• Slit-lamp examination
• pH testing of the ocular surface
• Fluorescein staining to assess corneal damage

Treatment

Immediate and copious irrigation of the eye with water or saline is crucial to minimize damage. The goal is to restore the normal pH of the ocular surface as quickly as possible. Further treatment may include:

• Topical antibiotics to prevent infection
• Cycloplegic agents to relieve pain
• Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
• Surgical intervention in severe cases

Prognosis

The prognosis of a chemical eye injury depends on the severity of the burn and the promptness of treatment. Mild injuries may heal with minimal intervention, while severe injuries can lead to permanent vision loss or require corneal transplantation.

Prevention

Preventive measures include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as goggles or face shields when handling chemicals, ensuring proper storage and labeling of chemical substances, and having emergency eyewash stations readily available in workplaces.

Related pages

• Corneal abrasion
• Ocular trauma
• Eye protection