Chronic tic disorder

Chronic tic disorder is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, involuntary movements (tics) that persist for more than a year. The disorder is part of a spectrum of tic disorders, which includes Tourette syndrome and Transient tic disorder.

Definition

Chronic tic disorder is defined by the presence of one or more tics for at least a year, with no tic-free period longer than three consecutive months. The tics can be motor (movement) or vocal (sound), but not both, which distinguishes chronic tic disorder from Tourette syndrome.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of chronic tic disorder is the presence of tics. These can range from simple tics, such as blinking, shrugging, or throat clearing, to more complex tics, such as touching or smelling objects. The tics are involuntary but can sometimes be suppressed for short periods. They are often preceded by a premonitory urge, a feeling of needing to perform the tic.

Causes

The exact cause of chronic tic disorder is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some research suggests that abnormalities in certain areas of the brain, including the basal ganglia, may play a role.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of chronic tic disorder is based on the history of tics and their duration. There are no specific tests for the disorder, but other conditions with similar symptoms, such as Tourette syndrome or Transient tic disorder, should be ruled out.

Treatment

Treatment for chronic tic disorder is usually aimed at managing the symptoms and improving quality of life. This can include behavioral therapies, such as Habit Reversal Training, and medication. In severe cases, deep brain stimulation may be considered.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with chronic tic disorder varies. Some people may see their symptoms improve or even disappear in adulthood, while others may experience tics throughout their lives.

See also

• Tourette syndrome
• Transient tic disorder
• Habit Reversal Training
• Neurological disorder
• Basal ganglia