Colonoscopies

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inner lining of the large intestine (colon and rectum). It is commonly used to detect changes or abnormalities in the colon and rectum, such as inflamed tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer. The procedure is performed using a colonoscope, a long, flexible tube equipped with a camera and light source.

Indications

Colonoscopy is recommended for several reasons, including:

• Screening for colorectal cancer: It is a crucial tool in the early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer, especially in individuals over the age of 50 or those with a family history of the disease.
• Investigating intestinal symptoms: It helps diagnose the cause of symptoms such as abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, and unexplained weight loss.
• Monitoring inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Patients with conditions like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis may require regular colonoscopies to monitor disease progression.
• Polyp removal: During the procedure, polyps can be identified and removed, which can prevent them from becoming cancerous.

Procedure

The colonoscopy procedure typically involves the following steps:

1. Preparation: Patients must follow a special diet and take laxatives to clear the colon of stool. This preparation is crucial for a successful examination. 2. Sedation: Most patients receive sedation to help them relax and minimize discomfort during the procedure. 3. Insertion of the colonoscope: The doctor gently inserts the colonoscope through the anus and advances it slowly through the rectum and colon. 4. Examination: The camera on the colonoscope transmits images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to examine the colon lining for abnormalities. 5. Biopsy and polyp removal: If necessary, the doctor can take tissue samples (biopsies) or remove polyps using special instruments passed through the colonoscope. 6. Completion: The procedure usually takes about 30 to 60 minutes. Patients are monitored until the effects of sedation wear off.

Risks

While colonoscopy is generally safe, it carries some risks, including:

• Bleeding: Especially if a biopsy is taken or a polyp is removed.
• Perforation: A rare complication where a tear occurs in the colon wall.
• Adverse reaction to sedation: Some patients may experience side effects from the sedative medications.

Recovery

After the procedure, patients may experience mild cramping or bloating due to air introduced into the colon. These symptoms typically resolve quickly. Patients are advised to rest for the remainder of the day and avoid driving or operating machinery until the effects of sedation have completely worn off.

Also see

• Endoscopy
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Gastroenterology
• Colorectal cancer
• Polypectomy