Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma

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Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) is a type of cancer that occurs on the conjunctiva, which is the thin, transparent membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inner surfaces of the eyelids. CSCC is a form of squamous cell carcinoma, which is characterized by the abnormal growth of squamous cells. While it is a rare condition, it is considered the most common malignancy of the ocular surface.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of CSCC is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is considered a significant risk factor, as it can cause damage to the DNA of conjunctival cells. Other risk factors include exposure to certain chemicals (such as arsenic), Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and immunosuppressive conditions.

Symptoms

Symptoms of CSCC may include a noticeable growth on the conjunctiva, redness or irritation of the eye, a sensation of a foreign body in the eye, and in some cases, vision impairment. The appearance of the tumor can vary, but it often presents as a pink, fleshy mass. It is important to note that early stages of CSCC may be asymptomatic.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of CSCC involves a thorough examination of the eye by an ophthalmologist. This may include slit-lamp examination, biopsy of the lesion, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI to determine the extent of the tumor. Histopathological examination of the biopsy sample is crucial for confirming the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment options for CSCC depend on the size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Small, localized tumors may be treated with surgical excision, while larger or more aggressive tumors may require additional therapies such as cryotherapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be necessary. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing the spread of the cancer and preserving vision.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with CSCC is generally good, especially when the cancer is detected and treated early. However, the risk of recurrence is significant, and regular follow-up with an ophthalmologist is important for early detection of any recurrence or new tumors.

Prevention

Preventive measures against CSCC include protecting the eyes from excessive UV exposure by wearing UV-protective sunglasses and hats when outdoors. Regular eye examinations are also important, particularly for individuals at higher risk due to known risk factors.