Human papillomavirus

Human Papillomavirus

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which are associated with various health conditions, including genital warts and cervical cancer. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide.

Virology

HPV is a small, non-enveloped virus with a circular double-stranded DNA genome. It belongs to the Papillomaviridae family. The virus infects epithelial cells, and its life cycle is closely linked to the differentiation of these cells.

Transmission

HPV is primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, most often during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be transmitted through non-sexual routes, such as from mother to child during childbirth.

Types of HPV

HPV types are categorized based on their association with cancer risk:

• Low-risk HPV types: These types, such as HPV 6 and 11, are associated with benign lesions like genital warts.
• High-risk HPV types: These types, including HPV 16 and 18, are associated with cancers such as cervical cancer, anal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer.

Clinical Manifestations

Genital Warts

Genital warts are benign growths that appear on the genital and anal areas. They are caused by low-risk HPV types and can vary in size and appearance.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is one of the most significant health issues associated with HPV. High-risk HPV types can cause changes in the cervical epithelium, leading to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and eventually cancer.

Other Cancers

HPV is also linked to other cancers, including vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penile cancer, and head and neck cancers.

Prevention

Vaccination

HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, are highly effective in preventing infection with the most common cancer-causing HPV types. Vaccination is recommended for preteens, but it can be administered to individuals up to age 45.

Screening

Regular Pap smear tests and HPV DNA tests are crucial for early detection of cervical changes that could lead to cancer. These screenings help in the early intervention and management of potential precancerous conditions.

Treatment

There is no cure for HPV itself, but the conditions it causes can be treated. Genital warts can be removed through various methods, including cryotherapy and surgical excision. Precancerous lesions and cancers require more extensive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Public Health Impact

HPV is a major public health concern due to its prevalence and association with cancer. Efforts to increase vaccination rates and improve screening programs are essential in reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases.

See Also

• Sexually transmitted infection
• Cervical screening
• Vaccine