Cysticercosis cutis

Cysticercosis cutis is a skin condition resulting from the infection by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium. This disease is a form of cysticercosis, which is a systemic parasitic infection. The Taenia solium tapeworm primarily infects humans through the ingestion of undercooked pork containing larval cysts. However, cysticercosis cutis occurs when the larvae invade the skin, leading to the development of cystic lesions.

Etiology

Cysticercosis is caused by the ingestion of eggs from the Taenia solium tapeworm. These eggs are found in contaminated food or water and can also be spread through fecal-oral transmission. Once ingested, the eggs hatch in the intestines, releasing larvae that can migrate to various parts of the body, including the skin, forming cysticercosis cutis.

Pathophysiology

After the Taenia solium eggs hatch, the larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream. This allows them to disseminate to different tissues. In the skin, the larvae develop into cysticerci, which are fluid-filled cysts. These cysts elicit an inflammatory response from the host's immune system, leading to the clinical manifestations of cysticercosis cutis.

Clinical Features

Cysticercosis cutis is characterized by the presence of nodular lesions on the skin. These lesions are typically painless and can vary in size. They may be found anywhere on the body but are most commonly located on the arms, legs, and trunk. In some cases, the cysts can become tender or inflamed.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of cysticercosis cutis involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies, and serological tests. Ultrasound or MRI can be used to visualize the cysts in the skin. Serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cysticercosis antibodies, can support the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment options for cysticercosis cutis include antiparasitic medications, such as albendazole or praziquantel, which can help to reduce the number of cystic lesions. Corticosteroids may also be prescribed to decrease inflammation. In some cases, surgical removal of the cysts may be necessary.

Prevention

Prevention of cysticercosis cutis involves proper hand hygiene and consuming well-cooked pork. It is also important to ensure that food and water sources are free from contamination by Taenia solium eggs.

Complications

If left untreated, cysticercosis cutis can lead to secondary bacterial infections of the skin lesions. Additionally, systemic involvement of cysticercosis can result in more severe complications, such as neurocysticercosis, which affects the central nervous system.