Demethylation

From WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia

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Demethylation is a biochemical process involving the removal of a methyl group (CH₃) from a molecule. This process is crucial in the regulation of gene expression, protein function, and cellular signaling.

Mechanism[edit | edit source]

Demethylation can occur through various mechanisms, including:

  • Oxidative demethylation: This involves the oxidation of the methyl group, often mediated by enzymes such as cytochrome P450.
  • Hydrolytic demethylation: This involves the addition of a water molecule to break the bond between the methyl group and the rest of the molecule.
  • Enzymatic demethylation: Specific enzymes, such as DNA demethylase and histone demethylase, catalyze the removal of methyl groups from DNA and histones, respectively.

Biological Significance[edit | edit source]

Demethylation plays a critical role in various biological processes, including:

  • Gene expression: Demethylation of DNA and histones can activate or repress gene expression. For example, the demethylation of CpG islands in gene promoters is often associated with gene activation.
  • Epigenetic regulation: Demethylation is a key mechanism in epigenetics, influencing cell differentiation, development, and disease.
  • Protein function: Demethylation of proteins can alter their function, stability, and interactions with other molecules.

Enzymes Involved[edit | edit source]

Several enzymes are involved in demethylation, including:

  • TET enzymes: These enzymes oxidize 5-methylcytosine in DNA to facilitate its removal.
  • LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1): This enzyme demethylates histones, affecting chromatin structure and gene expression.
  • JmjC domain-containing proteins: These are a family of histone demethylases that require Fe(II) and α-ketoglutarate for their activity.

Clinical Relevance[edit | edit source]

Aberrant demethylation is associated with various diseases, including:

Related Pages[edit | edit source]

See Also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

External Links[edit | edit source]


Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD