Double bind

The double bind is a concept in communication theory and psychology that describes a situation in which an individual receives two or more conflicting messages, with one message negating the other. This creates a situation in which a successful response to one message results in a failed response to the other, and vice versa, leaving the individual in a no-win situation. The term was first introduced by Gregory Bateson and his colleagues in the 1950s as part of their research into schizophrenia and family communication patterns.

Origins and Development

The concept of the double bind was developed by Gregory Bateson, Don D. Jackson, Jay Haley, and John H. Weakland in the context of their research on schizophrenia. Bateson and his colleagues were interested in understanding how communication patterns within families could contribute to the development of mental disorders. They observed that individuals with schizophrenia often experienced communication patterns that were contradictory and confusing, leading to the hypothesis that such patterns could contribute to the onset of the disorder.

Characteristics of a Double Bind

A double bind situation typically involves the following elements:

1. Two or more conflicting messages: The individual receives messages that are contradictory or mutually exclusive. 2. A primary negative injunction: This is a command or request that must be obeyed, often communicated verbally. 3. A secondary injunction: This is a conflicting command that is often non-verbal or implied, and contradicts the primary injunction. 4. A tertiary negative injunction: This prevents the victim from escaping the situation or commenting on the contradiction. 5. No escape: The individual cannot resolve the conflict by withdrawing from the situation or by metacommunicating (commenting on the communication itself).

Examples of Double Bind Situations

Double bind situations can occur in various contexts, including family dynamics, workplace environments, and social interactions. Some common examples include:

- A parent telling a child, "You must be spontaneous," which is a paradoxical command because spontaneity cannot be forced. - A boss who says, "I want you to take initiative, but make sure you do exactly as I say," creating a conflict between autonomy and obedience.

Implications and Effects

The double bind theory has been influential in understanding the role of communication in mental health. It suggests that chronic exposure to double bind situations can lead to confusion, anxiety, and even the development of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. The theory has also been applied to other areas, such as family therapy, where therapists work to identify and resolve double bind patterns in family communication.

Criticisms and Controversies

While the double bind theory has been influential, it has also faced criticism. Some researchers argue that the theory lacks empirical support and that the connection between double bind communication and schizophrenia is not well-established. Others suggest that the concept is too broad and can be applied to almost any contradictory communication, making it difficult to test scientifically.

Also see

• Communication theory
• Paradox
• Schizophrenia
• Family therapy
• Gregory Bateson