Dysthymic disorder

Dysthymic Disorder (also known as Persistent Depressive Disorder) is a chronic form of depression characterized by a depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of dysthymic disorder is a daily depressed mood for at least two years, but these symptoms are not as severe or as pervasive as in major depressive disorder. Other symptoms may include poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness.

Causes

The exact cause of dysthymic disorder is unknown. However, a variety of factors are likely involved. These may include biological differences, brain chemistry, inherited traits, and life events such as stress or trauma.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of dysthymic disorder is typically made by a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, based on the patient's self-reported experiences, behavior, and a mental status examination. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, provides criteria for the diagnosis of dysthymic disorder.

Treatment

Treatment for dysthymic disorder typically involves psychotherapy (talk therapy), medications, or a combination of the two. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that is particularly effective for treating dysthymic disorder. Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), can also be effective.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, most people with dysthymic disorder can lead healthy, productive lives. However, some people may experience symptoms that wax and wane over many years, and full remission is uncommon.

See also

• Depression (mood)
• Major depressive disorder
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor