Benign prostatic hyperplasia

 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Benign prostatic hyperplasia, also known as prostate gland enlargement, is a common medical condition affecting men, typically those aged 50 and older. BPH can lead to bothersome urinary symptoms and potentially serious complications if left untreated.

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Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology Pathophysiology of BPH is complex and not fully understood. However, it is believed to involve changes in sex hormone levels, cell proliferation, and apoptotic factors that contribute to the enlargement of the prostate gland Prostate.

Symptoms

The symptoms of BPH are often related to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) Lower urinary tract symptoms. These can include increased frequency of urination, nocturia Nocturia, difficulty starting and stopping urination, weak urinary stream, and a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of BPH typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination (including a digital rectal exam Digital rectal examination), and diagnostic tests such as blood tests for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Prostate-specific antigen, urine tests, and imaging studies like transrectal ultrasound Transrectal ultrasonography. In some cases, urodynamic tests or cystoscopy Cystoscopy may be used.

Treatment

Treatment for BPH depends on the severity of symptoms and the risk of complications. Options include watchful waiting, lifestyle modifications, medication (such as alpha blockers Alpha blockers or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors 5-alpha reductase inhibitors), minimally invasive therapies, and surgery (including transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) Transurethral resection of the prostate and prostatectomy Prostatectomy).

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, most men with BPH can manage their symptoms and maintain a good quality of life. However, if left untreated, BPH can lead to complications such as acute urinary retention Urinary retention and kidney damage.

Epidemiology

BPH is a common condition, with prevalence increasing with age. It affects approximately 50% of men in their 50s, increasing to over 80% in men over the age of 80.

See Also

• Prostate cancer
• Urinary incontinence
• Urinary tract infection

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