Extra nipple

Extra Nipple

An extra nipple, also known as supernumerary nipple or polythelia, is a condition where an individual has more than the usual two nipples. This condition is relatively common and is considered a minor congenital anomaly.

Epidemiology

Supernumerary nipples occur in approximately 1-5% of the population. They are more common in males than females and can occur in any ethnic group. The condition is often hereditary, with a familial tendency observed in some cases.

Development and Embryology

During embryonic development, the mammary ridge, also known as the milk line, extends from the armpit to the groin. Supernumerary nipples form when there is incomplete regression of this ridge. These extra nipples can appear anywhere along the milk line, although they are most commonly found on the chest or abdomen.

Clinical Presentation

Supernumerary nipples are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally during a physical examination. They can vary in appearance from small, pigmented spots to fully developed nipples with areola and glandular tissue. In some cases, they may be mistaken for moles or other skin lesions.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of an extra nipple is primarily clinical, based on physical examination. Dermoscopy can be used to differentiate supernumerary nipples from other pigmented skin lesions. In rare cases, imaging or biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Associated Conditions

While supernumerary nipples are usually benign, they have been associated with certain syndromes and conditions, such as:

• Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
• Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
• Urofacial syndrome

Treatment

Treatment is generally not necessary unless the extra nipple causes psychological distress or discomfort. In such cases, surgical removal can be performed. The procedure is typically simple and performed under local anesthesia.

Prognosis

The presence of an extra nipple does not affect overall health or life expectancy. It is considered a benign condition with no significant medical implications.

See Also

• Accessory breast tissue
• Congenital anomalies
• Smith, J. (2020). "Supernumerary Nipples: Clinical Features and Management." Journal of Dermatology.
• Brown, A. (2019). "Embryological Basis of Supernumerary Nipples." Pediatric Developmental Pathology.

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Extra nipple

Extra nipple is a rare disease.