Cystic hygroma

Cystic hygroma is a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system, characterized by fluid-filled sacs, typically located in the neck and head region. These sacs, or cysts, are caused by blockages in the lymphatic system, leading to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid.

Presentation

Cystic hygromas are often present at birth, but they can also develop later in life. They are usually identified through prenatal ultrasound or during a physical examination after birth. The cysts can vary in size and may grow over time. Large cystic hygromas can cause complications by compressing nearby structures, such as the trachea and esophagus, leading to difficulties in breathing and swallowing.

Causes

The exact cause of cystic hygroma is not well understood, but it is believed to result from abnormal development of the lymphatic system during embryonic growth. Genetic factors may play a role, and cystic hygromas are sometimes associated with chromosomal abnormalities such as Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, and Noonan syndrome.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of cystic hygroma is typically made through imaging studies. Ultrasound is the most common diagnostic tool used prenatally. Postnatally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans can provide detailed images of the cystic structures and their relationship to surrounding tissues.

Treatment

The treatment of cystic hygroma depends on the size and location of the cysts, as well as the presence of any complications. Small, asymptomatic cysts may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored over time. Larger cysts or those causing symptoms may require intervention. Treatment options include:

• Surgical excision: Complete removal of the cystic hygroma is often the preferred treatment, especially if it is causing significant symptoms.
• Sclerotherapy: Injection of a sclerosing agent into the cyst to shrink it.
• Laser therapy: Use of laser to reduce the size of the cyst.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with cystic hygroma varies depending on the size and location of the cysts and the presence of any associated anomalies. Early detection and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes. However, large cystic hygromas or those associated with genetic syndromes may have a more guarded prognosis.

See also

• Lymphatic system
• Turner syndrome
• Down syndrome
• Noonan syndrome
• Congenital disorder