Fingernails

Fingernails

Fingernails are a vital component of the human integumentary system, serving both protective and functional roles. They are composed primarily of a tough protective protein called keratin, which is also found in skin and hair. Fingernails grow from the matrix, the area under the cuticle at the base of the nail, and are an important indicator of overall health.

Anatomy of Fingernails

Fingernails consist of several distinct parts:

• Nail Plate: The visible hard part of the nail.
• Nail Bed: The skin beneath the nail plate.
• Matrix: The tissue under the cuticle that produces cells that become the nail plate.
• Lunula: The crescent-shaped whitish area at the base of the nail.
• Cuticle: The tissue that overlaps the plate and rims the base of the nail.
• Hyponychium: The area under the free edge of the nail.

Function

Fingernails serve several functions:

• Protection: They protect the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries.
• Enhancement of Sensation: Fingernails enhance the sensation of the fingertip by acting as a counterforce when the pulp of the finger touches an object.
• Tool Use: They assist in picking up small objects, scratching, and other fine motor tasks.

Growth

Fingernails grow at an average rate of 3.5 millimeters per month. Factors affecting nail growth include age, health, and nutrition. Nails tend to grow faster in younger people, during pregnancy, and in warmer climates.

Health Indicators

The condition of fingernails can reflect a person's overall health. Changes in nail color, shape, or texture can indicate various health issues:

• Pale Nails: May indicate anemia or liver disease.
• White Nails: Could be a sign of liver problems, such as hepatitis.
• Yellow Nails: Often associated with fungal infections or respiratory diseases.
• Blue Nails: May indicate a lack of oxygen in the blood.

Common Disorders

• Onychomycosis: A fungal infection of the nail.
• Paronychia: An infection of the skin around the nail.
• Psoriasis: Can cause pitting and discoloration of the nails.
• Onycholysis: The separation of the nail from the nail bed.

Also see

• Keratin
• Integumentary system
• Nail (anatomy)
• Onychomycosis
• Psoriasis

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