Gingival hyperplasia

Gingivitis (crop)

Gingival hyperplasia, also known as gingival overgrowth or hypertrophic gingiva, is a dental condition characterized by the excessive growth or enlargement of the gingival (gum) tissue. This article provides an overview of gingival hyperplasia, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and significance in oral health.

Overview

Gingival hyperplasia refers to the abnormal and often non-painful enlargement of the gums. It can affect a portion of the gums or involve the entire gumline. The condition may vary in severity, from mild to severe, and can occur in isolated cases or as a result of an underlying medical condition or medication use.

Causes

Gingival hyperplasia can have various causes, including:

• Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate oral hygiene, leading to the accumulation of dental plaque and tartar, is a common cause.

• Medications: Some medications, such as certain antiseizure drugs, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers, are known to cause gingival hyperplasia as a side effect.

• Hormonal Changes: Hormonal changes during pregnancy or puberty can lead to gum enlargement.

• Systemic Diseases: Certain medical conditions, such as leukemia or Crohn's disease, may be associated with gingival hyperplasia.

• Genetics: In rare cases, a genetic predisposition may play a role in the development of the condition.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of gingival hyperplasia is the enlargement of the gums. Other potential symptoms may include:

• Bleeding Gums: Enlarged gums are more prone to bleeding, especially during brushing or flossing.

• Discomfort or Pain: In some cases, the enlarged gums may cause discomfort or interfere with speaking and eating.

• Aesthetic Concerns: The appearance of overgrown gums can be a cosmetic concern for individuals.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing gingival hyperplasia typically involves a thorough dental examination by a dentist or periodontist. The healthcare provider will assess the extent of gum enlargement, inquire about the patient's medical history and medication use, and may perform additional tests or imaging to determine the underlying cause.

Treatment

The treatment of gingival hyperplasia depends on its underlying cause and severity:

• Improved Oral Hygiene: In cases related to poor oral hygiene, professional dental cleaning and education on proper oral care can often resolve the condition.

• Medication Adjustment: If medication-induced, the healthcare provider may consider adjusting the dosage or switching to an alternative medication.

• Surgical Intervention: Severe cases of gingival hyperplasia may require surgical procedures to remove excess gum tissue. This may involve gingivectomy (removal of gum tissue) or gingivoplasty (reshaping of gum tissue).

Significance

Gingival hyperplasia, if left untreated, can lead to complications such as periodontal disease, tooth mobility, and difficulty in maintaining proper oral hygiene. Therefore, timely diagnosis and appropriate management are essential for maintaining optimal oral health.

See Also

• Periodontal disease
• Oral health