Hindu denominations

Krishna, Kottangal padayani

Murudeshwar Shiva

3 Shaktism goddesses Devi collage

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Hindu denominations refer to the various traditions within Hinduism, a major world religion originating on the Indian subcontinent and comprising several and varied systems of philosophy, belief, and ritual. Although it is difficult to differentiate Hinduism into distinct denominations due to its complex and interwoven nature, scholars and practitioners often categorize it into four major sects: Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. These denominations differ primarily in their chosen deities for worship and their theological perspectives, yet they share many rituals, practices, and beliefs.

Vaishnavism

Vaishnavism is a tradition within Hinduism that worships Vishnu and his avatars, especially Krishna and Rama, as the supreme deities. Followers of Vaishnavism, known as Vaishnavas, emphasize devotion (Bhakti) towards Vishnu and his incarnations, viewing him as the ultimate protector and preserver of the universe. Vaishnavism is noted for its rich temple culture and has inspired a vast body of religious literature, including the Bhagavad Gita and the Puranas.

Shaivism

Shaivism centers around the worship of Shiva, seen as the supreme god who creates, protects, and transforms the universe. Shaivites, or followers of Shaivism, often focus on Shiva's role as the destroyer and regenerator, embodying the cycle of creation and destruction. Shaivism has a wide array of practices, ranging from asceticism to the worship of Shakti as Shiva's consort. The sect is also known for its sacred texts, such as the Agamas and the Shiva Purana.

Shaktism

Shaktism is a denomination that worships the goddess, or Devi, in her many forms, such as Durga, Kali, and Saraswati, as the ultimate reality and creator of the universe. Shaktism emphasizes the feminine aspect of the divine and the power (Shakti) of the goddess. Devotees engage in various rituals and practices to honor the goddess and seek her blessings. The Devi Mahatmya is among the key scriptures in Shaktism, highlighting the goddess's role in the cosmos.

Smartism

Smartism is a relatively modern Hindu denomination that follows the teachings of Adi Shankara, advocating the worship of the five deities (Panchayatana puja): Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, Ganesha, and Surya, as different forms of the one Brahman, the ultimate reality. Smartism emphasizes the importance of Vedanta philosophy and the idea that personal understanding and realization of the truth are paths to liberation (Moksha). Smartas may choose any deity as their primary focus of worship while acknowledging the others' significance.

Inter-denominational Relations

Despite their differences, the various Hindu denominations share a common heritage and respect for each other's practices and beliefs. Inter-denominational relations are generally harmonious, with many Hindus visiting temples and participating in festivals outside their primary sectarian affiliation. This inclusivity and flexibility are hallmarks of Hinduism, allowing for a rich diversity of thought and worship within the broader religious tradition.