Hydrofluoric acid burn

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A hydrofluoric acid burn is a chemical burn caused by exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HF). HF is a highly corrosive solution of the chemical compound hydrogen fluoride in water. It is used in various industrial processes, including glass etching, metal cleaning, and semiconductor manufacturing.

Symptoms

Exposure to hydrofluoric acid can cause severe pain and tissue damage. The pain associated with HF burns is often disproportionate to the apparent severity of the injury. Symptoms may include:

• Severe pain at the site of contact
• Redness and swelling
• Tissue necrosis
• Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels in the blood)
• Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in the blood)
• Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium levels in the blood)

Complications

If not treated promptly, hydrofluoric acid burns can lead to serious complications, including:

• Cardiac arrest due to severe electrolyte imbalances
• Systemic toxicity, which can affect multiple organ systems

Causes

Hydrofluoric acid burns occur when the skin or eyes come into contact with HF. The acid can penetrate deep into tissues, causing extensive damage. Inhalation of HF vapors can also cause respiratory tract irritation and systemic toxicity.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hydrofluoric acid burns is primarily based on the history of exposure and clinical presentation. Laboratory tests may be conducted to assess electrolyte levels, particularly calcium, potassium, and magnesium.

Treatment

Immediate treatment is crucial for hydrofluoric acid burns. The following steps are recommended:

• **Decontamination**: Remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with copious amounts of water.
• **Calcium gluconate gel**: Apply calcium gluconate gel to the affected area to neutralize the acid and reduce pain.
• **Intravenous calcium**: Administer intravenous calcium to correct hypocalcemia and prevent cardiac complications.

Prognosis

The prognosis for hydrofluoric acid burns depends on the extent of exposure and the promptness of treatment. Early and aggressive treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

Prevention

Preventive measures include the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and protective clothing when handling hydrofluoric acid. Proper training and safety protocols are essential to minimize the risk of exposure.

See also

• Chemical burn
• Hydrofluoric acid
• Calcium gluconate
• Toxicology
• Emergency medicine