INSL3

INSL3 (Insulin-like 3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INSL3 gene. It is a member of the insulin family of hormones, which also includes insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and relaxin. INSL3 plays a crucial role in the development of the male reproductive system, specifically the descent of the testes into the scrotum during fetal development.

Function[edit | edit source]

INSL3 is produced primarily in the Leydig cells of the testes in males and the ovaries in females. In males, it is essential for the transabdominal phase of testicular descent during fetal development. In the absence of INSL3 or its receptor, RXFP2, the testes do not descend, leading to cryptorchidism, a risk factor for infertility and testicular cancer.

In females, the role of INSL3 is less well understood. It is thought to be involved in the development of the follicle and the process of ovulation. Some studies suggest that it may also play a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the maintenance of pregnancy.

Clinical significance[edit | edit source]

Mutations in the INSL3 gene or its receptor RXFP2 can lead to cryptorchidism in males. This condition is one of the most common congenital abnormalities in newborn boys and is associated with an increased risk of infertility and testicular cancer in adulthood.

In females, altered levels of INSL3 have been associated with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure (POF). However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of INSL3 in these conditions.

Research[edit | edit source]

Research into INSL3 and its functions is ongoing. It is hoped that a better understanding of this hormone could lead to new treatments for conditions such as cryptorchidism, infertility, and certain types of cancer.