Intersex (biology)

Intersex refers to a range of natural variations in human sex characteristics that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. This can include differences in genitalia, gonads, sex chromosomes, hormones, and/or secondary sex characteristics. Intersex traits can be apparent at birth, emerge at puberty, or become known in adulthood, often during fertility investigations.

Definition and Terminology

The term "intersex" is preferred over older terms such as "hermaphrodite," which are considered inaccurate and stigmatizing. Intersex is an umbrella term that encompasses over 40 different disorders of sex development (DSDs). These conditions result from genetic, hormonal, and anatomical variations. The World Health Organization recognizes intersex people as part of the natural spectrum of human diversity.

Causes

Intersex traits can be caused by a variety of genetic conditions. For example, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) results when a person who is genetically male (with one X and one Y chromosome) is resistant to male hormones (androgens). As a result, they may develop mostly female external genitals. Other conditions, such as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), involve genetic mutations leading to the overproduction of androgens, potentially causing female genitalia to appear more masculine.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of intersex conditions can occur at different stages of life. Some intersex variations are evident at birth through atypical genitalia, while others, such as AIS, may not become apparent until puberty. Genetic testing, hormone assays, and imaging studies are tools used for diagnosis.

Management

Management of intersex conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis, the individual's health, and their or their family's decisions regarding care. It may include surgical, hormonal, and psychological support. There is ongoing debate about the ethics of early surgical intervention for intersex infants, with advocacy groups and some medical professionals calling for a delay of surgery until the individual can participate in decision-making.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

Intersex individuals face legal and social challenges, including discrimination and lack of recognition. Many countries now recognize the rights of intersex people and prohibit discrimination, and some have made provisions for a third gender option on legal documents. Ethical considerations also include the right to bodily autonomy and informed consent for medical procedures.

Society and Culture

Intersex people and their experiences are increasingly represented in media and advocacy, challenging traditional views on gender and sexuality. Intersex activists advocate for visibility, rights, and medical reform.