Jainism

An ancient Indian religion emphasizing non-violence and asceticism

Palitana temples, a major pilgrimage site for Jains

Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. It is one of the oldest religions in the world, with roots in the Indus Valley Civilization. Jainism is characterized by its emphasis on non-violence (Ahimsa), truth (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), celibacy (Brahmacharya), and non-possessiveness (Aparigraha).

Core Beliefs

Jainism teaches that the universe is eternal and operates according to natural laws. It does not have a creator god, and instead, it emphasizes the spiritual development of the individual soul (Jiva).

The symbol of Ahimsa, representing non-violence

Ahimsa

Ahimsa, or non-violence, is the fundamental ethical principle of Jainism. Jains believe that all living beings have souls and that harming any living being is harmful to one's own soul. This principle extends to thoughts, words, and actions.

Anekantavada

Anekantavada is the doctrine of multiple viewpoints. It suggests that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, and no single point of view is the complete truth. This principle encourages tolerance and understanding of different perspectives.

Artwork depicting the Anekantavada doctrine

Karma and Liberation

Jains believe in the concept of karma, where every action has consequences that affect the soul's future. The ultimate goal is to achieve liberation (Moksha) from the cycle of birth and death (Samsara), which is attained by purifying the soul through right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct.

Tirthankaras

Jainism reveres 24 Tirthankaras, spiritual teachers who have achieved liberation and guide others on the path. The first Tirthankara was Rishabhanatha, and the last was Mahavira, who is considered the founder of the religion in its current form.

Depiction of the 24 Tirthankaras

Cosmology

Jain cosmology describes the universe as having a complex structure with multiple realms. It is divided into three parts: the upper world, the middle world, and the lower world. The middle world is where humans reside.

Jain cosmological diagram

Time Cycle

Jainism believes in a cyclical concept of time, divided into two halves: Utsarpini (ascending) and Avasarpini (descending). Each half is further divided into six epochs.

Diagram of the Jain cosmic time cycle

Practices

Jain practices include strict vegetarianism, meditation, and rituals. Monks and nuns follow a path of asceticism, renouncing worldly possessions and living a life of simplicity.

Art and Architecture

Jain art and architecture are renowned for their intricate designs and spiritual symbolism. Temples, such as those at Palitana, are important pilgrimage sites.

Nishidhi stone with inscription

Related Pages

• Ahimsa
• Anekantavada
• Tirthankara
• Karma in Jainism
• Jain cosmology