L-glutamine

L-glutamine is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it, and it is also the most abundant amino acid in the human body. L-glutamine plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, and maintaining the body's nitrogen balance.

Structure and Properties

L-glutamine is a dipeptide with the chemical formula C5H10N2O3. It consists of two amino acids linked by a peptide bond. The L-configuration refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in the molecule, which is important for its biological activity.

Biological Role

L-glutamine is involved in a variety of metabolic processes. It is a substrate for the synthesis of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It also plays a role in the regulation of acid-base balance in the kidneys by producing ammonia, which can combine with excess hydrogen ions to form ammonium and thus prevent acidosis.

In the immune system, L-glutamine is required for the proliferation of lymphocytes, and it is a crucial energy source for macrophages and neutrophils. In the gastrointestinal tract, it is a major energy source for the intestinal epithelium and may play a role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa.

Dietary Sources and Supplementation

L-glutamine is found in a variety of foods, including beef, chicken, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products, wheat, cabbage, beets, beans, spinach, and parsley. It can also be synthesized in the body from glutamic acid and ammonia in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme glutamine synthetase.

L-glutamine supplements are often used in the treatment of certain health conditions, including trauma, burns, and cancer. They are also popular among athletes for their supposed benefits in muscle recovery and immune function. However, the effectiveness of L-glutamine supplementation is still a topic of ongoing research.

Safety and Side Effects

L-glutamine is generally considered safe for most people when taken by mouth, but it can cause side effects in some people, including nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and bloating. People with liver disease, kidney disease, or Reye's syndrome should not take L-glutamine supplements without medical supervision. Template:Amino acid-stub