List of United States congressional districts

2020 census reapportionment

2010 census reapportionment

2000 census reapportionment

1990 census reapportionment map

Alabama Congressional Districts, 118th Congress

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List of United States Congressional Districts refers to the divisions within the United States from which members are elected to the United States House of Representatives. Each state is divided into districts of roughly equal population, in accordance with the most recent United States Census, to ensure equal representation in the House. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, with each state entitled to at least one representative. Additional seats are allocated to states based on their population.

Overview

Following the decennial census, which takes place every ten years, Congressional districts are subject to redistricting to account for population shifts and growth. This process is controlled by state legislatures, which can lead to gerrymandering – the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political gain. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled on several cases related to gerrymandering and redistricting, emphasizing the importance of equal representation.

Allocation

The allocation of seats in the House of Representatives is based on the Apportionment Act of 1911, with adjustments made after each census. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 set the permanent size of the House of Representatives at 435 members, and the Census data is used to determine the distribution of seats among the states. This process, known as apportionment, ensures that each state's representation in Congress reflects its population.

Redistricting

After apportionment, each state is responsible for dividing its allocated Congressional seats into districts through the process of redistricting. State legislatures, independent commissions, or a combination thereof can perform redistricting. The aim is to create districts that are contiguous, compact, and of roughly equal population, although the reality often reflects political considerations and objectives.

Current Districts

As of the most recent census, the distribution of Congressional districts varies widely among states, with more populous states like California, Texas, and Florida having the most districts. Smaller states, such as Delaware, Vermont, and Wyoming, have only one at-large district each, meaning the entire state constitutes a single district due to their small populations.

Controversies

The process of redistricting has been fraught with controversies, particularly regarding gerrymandering. Critics argue that manipulating district boundaries undermines the democratic process by diluting the voting power of certain groups. Legal challenges to redistricting plans are common, with cases often reaching the Supreme Court.

Future Changes

The number and boundaries of Congressional districts will continue to change with each decennial census, reflecting shifts in the population. Efforts to reform the redistricting process aim to reduce partisan gerrymandering and ensure fairer representation for all citizens.