Martial

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Martial, Vat. lat. 2823

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Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practices, which are practiced for a number of reasons: self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, entertainment, as well as mental, physical, and spiritual development.

The term "martial arts" refers to the arts of warfare (from Latin martial, pertaining to Mars, the Roman god of war) and encompasses a wide variety of fighting styles from around the world. These styles can be categorized in various ways, such as by region (e.g., East Asian martial arts, Western martial arts), by technique (striking vs. grappling), or by application (sport, self-defense, choreography).

History

The history of martial arts is vast and diverse, reflecting the unique cultures and traditions from which they originate. Ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese all practiced forms of martial arts, with the latter's Kung Fu being one of the most recognized forms worldwide. The development of martial arts has been influenced by military needs, local customs, and the personal creativity of practitioners.

Types of Martial Arts

Striking or Stand-Up Martial Arts

These martial arts focus on striking opponents with fists, feet, elbows, knees, or other parts of the body. Examples include Boxing, Muay Thai, Karate, and Taekwondo.

Grappling or Ground Fighting Martial Arts

These styles emphasize taking the opponent to the ground, controlling, or submitting them through holds and locks. Examples include Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, and Wrestling.

Weapon-Based Martial Arts

Some martial arts focus on the mastery of weapons, such as the Japanese Kendo (swordsmanship) and Kyudo (archery), and the Filipino Eskrima (stick and knife fighting).

Hybrid Martial Arts

Hybrid martial arts, such as Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), combine techniques from various martial arts, allowing strikes, grappling, and submissions both standing and on the ground.

Training and Equipment

Training in martial arts varies widely and can include forms (prearranged movements against imaginary opponents), sparring (practice fighting), strength, and conditioning exercises, as well as meditation and breathing techniques for mental and spiritual development. Equipment used may include uniforms, protective gear (gloves, mouthguards, headgear), and weapons appropriate to the style.

Martial Arts in Culture

Martial arts have made a significant impact on global culture, particularly through cinema and sports. Films featuring martial arts, often called martial arts movies, have been popular since the 1970s, with stars like Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and Jet Li becoming household names. The inclusion of judo in the Olympic Games and the popularity of MMA competitions like the UFC have also played a crucial role in the international recognition and appreciation of martial arts.

See Also

• Self-defense
• Combat sport
• Physical fitness