Mitochondrial toxicity
Mitochondrial toxicity pertains to the damage or significant reduction in the number of mitochondria within a cell. This condition has gained medical attention, particularly in relation to specific antiretroviral medications utilized for the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Etiology[edit | edit source]
Drugs Implicated Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) form the primary group of antiretroviral drugs associated with mitochondrial toxicity. These drugs are essential in the therapeutic regimen against HIV, but they can inadvertently impair mitochondrial functions[1].
Mechanism of Action The prevailing hypothesis suggests that NRTIs, given their structural resemblance to natural nucleosides, can interfere with the enzyme DNA polymerase γ. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in the replication of mitochondrial DNA. By inhibiting this enzyme, NRTIs can potentially impair mitochondrial biogenesis and function[2].
Clinical Manifestations[edit | edit source]
Mitochondrial toxicity can present with a spectrum of clinical symptoms. The clinical severity and manifestations can vary based on the degree of mitochondrial impairment and the organs affected.
Muscle Weakness (Myopathy): A primary symptom, where patients may experience progressive muscle weakness, especially in proximal muscles. Peripheral Neuropathy: Patients may complain of tingling, numbness, or a burning sensation, particularly in the extremities. Pancreatitis: An inflammation of the pancreas, presenting with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Lactic Acidosis: This is a life-threatening complication of mitochondrial toxicity. It is characterized by an accumulation of lactic acid in bodily tissues, leading to symptoms like fatigue, rapid breathing, and muscle pain. If left untreated, lactic acidosis can progress to multiple organ failure and death[3].
Management and Prognosis[edit | edit source]
When mitochondrial toxicity is suspected, it's crucial to consider altering or discontinuing the causative medication under the supervision of a specialist. Clinical monitoring, including periodic laboratory assessments, can provide early detection and potentially prevent the escalation of symptoms.
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
Mitochondrial toxicity, while a recognized side effect of certain antiretroviral agents, underscores the need for vigilant clinical monitoring in patients undergoing HIV treatment. As the understanding of this condition deepens, tailored therapeutic strategies can be developed to mitigate its risks, thus ensuring the optimal well-being of patients with HIV.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Zhang Y, Song F, Gao Z, et al. Long-term exposure of mice to nucleoside analogues disrupts mitochondrial DNA maintenance in cortical neurons. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85637.
- ↑ Martínez E, Milinkovic A, García-Viejo MA, et al. Pancreatic toxic effects associated with co-administration of didanosine and tenofovir in HIV-infected adults. Lancet. 2004;364(9428):65-67.
- ↑ Brinkman K, ter Hofstede HJ, Burger DM, Smeitink JA, Koopmans PP. Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway. AIDS. 1998;12(14):1735-1744.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Mitochondrial toxicity at hiv.org
| Mitochondrial toxicity Resources | |
|---|---|
|
 |
 | This Toxicology-related article is a stub. You can help WikiMD by expanding it. |
Search WikiMD
Ad.Tired of being Overweight? Try W8MD's physician weight loss program.
Semaglutide (Ozempic / Wegovy and Tirzepatide (Mounjaro / Zepbound) available.
Advertise on WikiMD
|
WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia |
| Let Food Be Thy Medicine Medicine Thy Food - Hippocrates |
Translate this page: - East Asian
中文,
日本,
한국어,
South Asian
हिन्दी,
தமிழ்,
తెలుగు,
Urdu,
ಕನ್ನಡ,
Southeast Asian
Indonesian,
Vietnamese,
Thai,
မြန်မာဘာသာ,
বাংলা
European
español,
Deutsch,
français,
Greek,
português do Brasil,
polski,
română,
русский,
Nederlands,
norsk,
svenska,
suomi,
Italian
Middle Eastern & African
عربى,
Turkish,
Persian,
Hebrew,
Afrikaans,
isiZulu,
Kiswahili,
Other
Bulgarian,
Hungarian,
Czech,
Swedish,
മലയാളം,
मराठी,
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ,
ગુજરાતી,
Portuguese,
Ukrainian
Medical Disclaimer: WikiMD is not a substitute for professional medical advice. The information on WikiMD is provided as an information resource only, may be incorrect, outdated or misleading, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. Please consult your health care provider before making any healthcare decisions or for guidance about a specific medical condition. WikiMD expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury, or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained in this site. By visiting this site you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by WikiMD. If you do not agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, you should not enter or use this site. See full disclaimer.
Credits:Most images are courtesy of Wikimedia commons, and templates Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY SA or similar.
Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
