Niagara Falls

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Canadian Horseshoe Falls with city of Niagara Falls, Ontario in background

American Falls Niagara Falls USA from Skylon Tower on 2002-05-28

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Niagara Escarpment map

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Niagara Falls is a collective name for three waterfalls that straddle the international border between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. They consist of the Horseshoe Falls, also known as the Canadian Falls, the American Falls, and the smaller, adjacent Bridal Veil Falls. Niagara Falls is renowned for its beauty and as a valuable source of hydroelectric power, managing the balance between recreational, commercial, and industrial uses.

Geography

Niagara Falls is located on the Niagara River, connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, in the northern part of North America. The Horseshoe Falls lies on the border of the United States and Canada, while the American Falls and Bridal Veil Falls are entirely within the U.S. The falls are situated north-northwest of Buffalo, New York and south-southeast of Toronto, Ontario.

Formation and History

The formation of Niagara Falls began at the end of the Last Glacial Period approximately 10,000 years ago. As glaciers receded, water from the newly formed Great Lakes carved a path through the Niagara Escarpment en route to the Atlantic Ocean. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometers (7 miles) upstream due to erosion since their formation. The area around the falls has a long history of human activity, from Indigenous peoples to European exploration and development in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Tourism and Recreation

Niagara Falls has been a popular tourist destination since the 19th century, attracting millions of visitors from around the world each year. The falls are illuminated at night, and fireworks displays occur on select dates. Attractions include boat tours, such as the Maid of the Mist and Hornblower Niagara Cruises, which bring passengers close to the base of the falls. Observation towers and other viewpoints offer panoramic views. The surrounding area features parks, trails, historic sites, and recreational facilities.

Hydroelectric Power

The Niagara River and falls have been a significant source of hydroelectric power. The first hydroelectric generating station on the Canadian side was completed in 1893. Today, the falls' power is harnessed by the United States and Canada through the Niagara Power Project and the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations, respectively. These facilities produce a large portion of the electricity consumed in the state of New York and the province of Ontario.

Environmental Concerns

Efforts to preserve the natural beauty of Niagara Falls and its surroundings have been ongoing. Environmental concerns include water pollution, erosion control, and the impact of tourism on the local ecosystem. Binational agreements and organizations work to manage the health and sustainability of the Niagara River corridor.

Cultural Impact

Niagara Falls has had a significant cultural impact, inspiring artists, filmmakers, and writers. It is a symbol of natural beauty and power, often featured in literature, movies, and photography. The falls are also a popular site for daredevils and stunts, from tightrope walkers to barrel riders, although such activities are now heavily regulated.