Nivalenol

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Nivalenol (NIV) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by several species of the genus Fusarium, including Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. These fungi are common pathogens of cereal crops, and their presence can lead to significant losses in agriculture. Nivalenol is closely related to other trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol (DON), but it has been found to be more toxic in some animal studies. The presence of NIV in food and feed is a concern due to its potential health risks to humans and animals.

Production and Occurrence

Nivalenol is produced by Fusarium species that infect the grains of cereal crops such as wheat, barley, oats, and maize. The production of NIV, like other mycotoxins, is influenced by environmental conditions, including temperature and humidity. These fungi can infect crops in the field before harvest, and the mycotoxins can remain in the stored grain, posing risks to food safety.

Structure and Toxicity

Nivalenol shares a similar structure with other trichothecenes, which includes a sesquiterpenoid core with a trichothecene ring. Its molecular structure contributes to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, leading to cell death. This mechanism underlies the toxic effects of NIV, which include immunosuppression, vomiting, and feed refusal in animals. The toxicity of NIV can vary among different animal species.

Health Effects

Exposure to nivalenol can lead to several adverse health effects in both humans and animals. In humans, ingestion of contaminated food can result in symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Chronic exposure may lead to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. In animals, NIV exposure can result in reduced weight gain, feed refusal, and impaired immune function. Due to its health impacts, regulatory agencies in some countries have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) for NIV in food and feed.

Detection and Control

The detection of nivalenol in agricultural products is typically performed using chromatographic techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). These methods allow for the sensitive and specific detection of NIV and other mycotoxins in complex matrices.

Control strategies for NIV and other mycotoxins focus on preventing the growth of Fusarium fungi on cereal crops. This can be achieved through agricultural practices such as crop rotation, use of resistant crop varieties, and timely harvesting. Post-harvest strategies include proper drying and storage of grains to prevent fungal growth and mycotoxin production.

Regulation

Due to the potential health risks associated with nivalenol, several countries and international bodies have established guidelines or regulations for acceptable levels of NIV in food and feed. These regulations aim to protect public health by minimizing exposure to this mycotoxin.

Nivalenol Resources
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