Non-communicable diseases

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not passed from person to person. They are of long duration and generally slow progression. The four main types of non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

Causes and Risk Factors

NCDs are caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. The major behavioral risk factors of NCDs include tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and the harmful use of alcohol. These risk factors can lead to raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids, and obesity, which are called 'metabolic risk factors' that can lead to cardiovascular disease, the leading NCD in terms of premature deaths.

Prevention and Control

Preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases involves reducing the risk factors associated with these diseases. Primary prevention includes interventions to reduce tobacco and alcohol use, promote physical activity, and encourage healthy diets. Screening and treatment of conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, can prevent complications and contribute to reducing the burden of NCDs.

Global Impact

NCDs are the leading cause of death globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally. These diseases disproportionately affect people in low- and middle-income countries, where more than three-quarters of global NCD deaths occur.

Challenges and Solutions

The global challenge of NCDs calls for a comprehensive approach that includes strengthening health systems, promoting health across all policy areas, and engaging communities. Solutions include implementing policies to reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption, promoting diets low in salt, sugar, and trans fats, and creating environments that encourage physical activity.