Non-communicable disease

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are diseases of long duration and generally slow progression. They are not passed from person to person, distinguishing them from communicable diseases. They are the leading cause of death globally, representing a major public health challenge.

A nurse with a non-communicable diseases kit, Fiji, 2012. Photo- DFAT (13253315924)

Types of Non-Communicable Diseases

• NCDs are primarily comprised of four major types:
• Cardiovascular diseases: These include heart disease and stroke, and are often associated with factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and smoking.
• Cancer: There are many types of cancer, but common ones include lung, breast, colorectal, and stomach cancer. Risk factors can include smoking, diet, sun exposure, and genetic factors.
• Chronic respiratory diseases: This category includes diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. These diseases often relate to smoking and exposure to air pollutants.
• Diabetes: This is a chronic condition where the body either does not produce enough insulin (type 1) or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (type 2).

Risk Factors

• Risk factors for NCDs are often interconnected and may be classified into modifiable and non-modifiable factors.
• Modifiable risk factors include:
• Tobacco use
• Unhealthy diet
• Physical inactivity
• Harmful use of alcohol
• Non-modifiable risk factors include:
• Age
• Gender
• Genetics

Prevention and Control

• Preventing and controlling NCDs involves addressing the risk factors associated with these diseases. This is often achieved through public health campaigns promoting healthy lifestyle choices, such as quitting smoking, adopting a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, and reducing alcohol consumption.
• Treatment of NCDs involves managing the disease and its symptoms, often through medication and lifestyle changes. Early detection through screening can also improve outcomes, particularly for diseases like cancer.

Global Impact

NCDs are a significant health burden globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where nearly three-quarters of global NCD deaths occur.

See Also

• Communicable disease
• Epidemiology
• Public health

References

Non-communicable disease Resources
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