Paraplegy

Paraplegy
Illustration of paraplegia
Specialty	Neurology
Symptoms	Loss of motor and sensory function in the lower extremities
Causes	Spinal cord injury, Multiple sclerosis, Transverse myelitis, Spina bifida
Treatment	Physical therapy, Occupational therapy, Assistive devices

Paraplegy is a medical condition characterized by the impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. It is usually the result of damage to the spinal cord at the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. Paraplegy can result from various causes, including traumatic injury, disease, or congenital conditions.

Causes

Paraplegy can be caused by:

• Spinal cord injury: This is the most common cause of paraplegy. It can occur due to trauma such as a car accident, fall, or sports injury.
• Multiple sclerosis: A chronic disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to demyelination and nerve damage.
• Transverse myelitis: An inflammation of the spinal cord that can cause paralysis.
• Spina bifida: A birth defect where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of paraplegy is the loss of movement and sensation in the lower half of the body. Other symptoms may include:

• Loss of bladder and bowel control
• Sexual dysfunction
• Muscle spasms
• Pain or tingling in the affected areas

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of paraplegy involves a thorough medical history and physical examination. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scan are often used to assess the extent of spinal cord damage. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies may also be performed to evaluate nerve function.

Treatment

While there is no cure for paraplegy, treatment focuses on improving quality of life and maximizing independence. Treatment options include:

• Physical therapy: To maintain muscle strength and prevent atrophy.
• Occupational therapy: To assist with daily activities and improve functional abilities.
• Assistive devices: Such as wheelchairs, braces, and adaptive equipment to aid mobility.
• Medications: To manage pain, muscle spasms, and other symptoms.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with paraplegy varies depending on the cause and severity of the spinal cord injury. Early intervention and rehabilitation can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.

Research

Ongoing research in the field of spinal cord injury and paraplegy includes studies on nerve regeneration, stem cell therapy, and advanced prosthetics. These advancements hold promise for future treatments and potential recovery of function.

Also see

• Quadriplegia
• Spinal cord injury
• Neurorehabilitation
• Assistive technology