Periodontal pathology

Periodontal pathology refers to a group of diseases that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, known as the periodontium. These diseases are often chronic and can lead to tooth loss if left untreated.

Types of Periodontal Pathology

There are several types of periodontal diseases, including:

• Gingivitis: This is the mildest form of periodontal disease. It causes the gums to become red, swollen, and bleed easily. There is usually little or no discomfort at this stage.

• Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can advance to periodontitis. In this stage, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected.

• Aggressive periodontitis: This form of periodontitis occurs in patients who are otherwise clinically healthy. It is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction.

• Chronic periodontitis: This is the most common form of the disease, characterized by inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment, and bone loss.

Causes

The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky, colorless film that constantly forms on your teeth. However, other factors can also contribute to periodontal disease, including:

• Smoking: One of the most significant risk factors associated with periodontal disease.

• Hormonal changes: These can make gums more sensitive and make it easier for gingivitis to develop.

• Diabetes: People with diabetes are at higher risk for developing infections, including periodontal disease.

• Medications: Some drugs, such as antidepressants and certain heart medicines, can affect oral health.

Treatment

Treatment methods depend upon the type of disease and how far the condition has progressed. The first step is usually a thorough cleaning that may include scaling to remove plaque and tartar deposits beneath the gum line. In some cases, surgical procedures may be required.

Prevention

Good oral hygiene, a balanced diet, and regular dental visits can help reduce your risk of developing periodontal disease.