Pneumatosis intestinalis

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Pneumatosis intestinalis
Synonyms	Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation
Complications	Bowel obstruction, perforation, peritonitis
Onset	Variable
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, scleroderma, chemotherapy, organ transplantation
Risks	Chronic lung disease, immunosuppression
Diagnosis	X-ray, CT scan, endoscopy
Differential diagnosis	Bowel ischemia, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Oxygen therapy, antibiotics, surgery
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depends on underlying cause
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis - low magnification

Pneumatosis intestinalis CT showing intestinal ischemia

Pneumatosis intestinalis CT

Pneumatosis intestinalis CT showing intestinal ischemia

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is a medical condition characterized by the presence of gas-filled cysts within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. These cysts are typically found in the submucosa or serosa of the intestine. The condition can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum, but it is most commonly found in the colon and small intestine.

Etiology

The exact cause of PI is not well understood, but it is thought to be due to a variety of factors including intestinal ischemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, connective tissue disorders, and immunosuppression. It can also occur as a complication of certain medical procedures such as endoscopy or colonoscopy.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with PI may present with a variety of symptoms depending on the severity and location of the condition. These can range from asymptomatic to severe abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. In severe cases, PI can lead to intestinal perforation and peritonitis, which can be life-threatening.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of PI is typically made through imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These can show the characteristic gas-filled cysts within the wall of the intestine. In some cases, a biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

The treatment of PI depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In mild cases, no treatment may be necessary. In more severe cases, treatment may include antibiotics, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, or surgery to remove the affected portion of the intestine.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with PI varies widely depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In mild cases, the prognosis is generally good with appropriate treatment. In severe cases, the prognosis can be poor, particularly if there is intestinal perforation or peritonitis.

See Also

• Gastrointestinal tract
• Intestinal ischemia
• Peritonitis