Peritonitis

Peritonitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin layer of tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. Peritonitis can be a life-threatening condition and requires immediate medical attention. It is typically caused by an infection, either bacterial or fungal, which can result from a ruptured appendix, gastrointestinal perforation, or complications from medical procedures such as peritoneal dialysis.

Tuberculous peritonitis

Types

Peritonitis can be classified into two main types:

• Primary peritonitis: This form of peritonitis occurs without an identifiable source of infection within the abdomen. It is less common and usually affects people with pre-existing medical conditions, such as liver cirrhosis or end-stage kidney disease, which make them more susceptible to infections.
• Secondary peritonitis: The more common form of peritonitis, secondary peritonitis occurs due to a localized infection or injury within the abdomen, such as a ruptured appendix or a perforated gastrointestinal ulcer.

Symptoms

The symptoms of peritonitis can vary depending on the underlying cause but may include:

• Severe abdominal pain that worsens with movement or touch
• Abdominal tenderness and swelling
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever
• Rapid heartbeat
• Fatigue and weakness
• Reduced urine output
• Difficulty breathing
• Confusion or altered mental state

Diagnosis

To diagnose peritonitis, doctors may perform a physical examination, focusing on the abdomen, and review the patient's medical history. Additional tests may include:

• Blood tests to check for elevated white blood cell counts or other signs of infection
• Imaging studies, such as X-rays, ultrasounds, or CT scans, to identify the source of infection or inflammation
• Peritoneal fluid analysis, in which a sample of fluid is taken from the abdominal cavity to check for infection

Treatment

Treatment for peritonitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the infection. This may include:

• Antibiotics or antifungal medications to treat the infection
• Intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration and maintain blood pressure
• Pain relief medications
• Surgery to remove the source of infection, such as a ruptured appendix or a perforated ulcer, and to clean the abdominal cavity
• Prompt treatment is crucial, as peritonitis can quickly progress to sepsis, a life-threatening systemic infection that can lead to organ failure and death.

Prevention

Some preventive measures for peritonitis include:

• Prompt treatment of abdominal infections or injuries
• Proper care and hygiene for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis
• Practicing good hand hygiene and food safety to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal infections

See Also

• Appendicitis
• Sepsis
• Peritoneal dialysis

Peritonitis Resources
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